Cataplex E2 supports cellular health and general well-being.*
Supports normal cardiovascular health
Provides ingredients with antioxidant activity
Good source of antioxidant selenium*
How do the ingredients in Cataplex E2 supply antioxidant activity?
Animal and human research studies suggest that increasing the consumption of chemicals with antioxidant activity in the daily diet promotes health.1, 2, 3, 4Antioxidants are substances that can counteract destabilizing molecules called free radicals that can be generated by the body’s natural processes, such as energy generation or alcohol consumption.5 Free radicals can also be generated by exposure to environmental factors, like air pollution and tobacco smoke.6While free radicals have a role to play in normal function, limiting their ability to swipe an electron from neighboring molecules is supportive of overall health. Cataplex E2 contains vitamin E and selenium, which protect lipids from being destabilized by free radicals.7, 8, 9 Selenium is also supportive of selenium-containing enzymes called glutathione peroxidases that help transform some free radicals into harmless water and oxygen molecules.10, 11* Glutathione peroxidase activity has been reported to decrease with age in women.12*
How does Cataplex E2 help maintain cellular health?
Vitamin E promotes healthy cellular membranes by helping to repair plasma membranes.13 A selenium-containing protein (thioredoxin reductase 1) has been implicated in DNA repair and regulation of cell signaling.14*
How does Cataplex E2 support immune system response function?
Both vitamin E15 and selenium16 are important to the immune system response function and support a healthy natural anti-inflammatory response.17*
1. Wambi CO, Sanzari JK, Sayers CM, Nuth M, Zhou Z, Davis J, Finnberg N, Lewis-Wambi JS, Ware JH, El-Deiry WS, Kennedya AR. 2009. Protective Effects of Dietary Antioxidants on Proton Total-Body Irradiation-Mediated Hematopoietic Cell and Animal Survival. Radiat Res. 172(2): 175-186.
2. Forman HJ, Davies KJA, Ursini F. 2014. How Do Nutritional Antioxidants Really Work: Nucleophilic Tone and Para-Hormesis Versus Free Radical Scavenging in Vivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 66:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed. 2013.05.045.
3. Traber MG, Stevensa JG. Vitamins C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biol Med. 5(5):1000-1013.
4. Lü JM, Lin PH, Yao O, Chen C. 2010. Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems. J Cell Mol Med. 14(4):840-860.
5. Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. 2008. Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. Int J Biomed Sci. 4(2): 89-96.
6. Ibid.
7. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 4(8):118-126.
8. Aboul-Soud MAM, Al-Othman AM, El-Desoky GE, Al-Othman ZA, Yusuf K, Ahmad J, Al-Khedhairy AA. 2011. Hepatoprotective effects of vitamin E/selenium against malathion-induced injuries on the antioxidant status and apoptosis-related gene expression in rats. J Toxicol. Sci. 36(3):285-296.
9. Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. 2012. The Role of Selenium in Inflammation and Immunity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 16(7):705-743.
10. Espinoza SE, Guo H, Fedarko N, DeZern A, Fried LP, Xue QL, Leng S, Beamer B, Walston JD. 2008. Glutathione Peroxidase Enzyme Activity in Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 63(5):505-509.
11. Tewari A, Mahendru V, Sinha A, Bilotta F. 2014. Antioxidants: the new frontier for translational research in cerebroprotection. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 30(2):160-171.
12. See note 10 above.
13. Howard AC, McNeil AK, McNeil PL. 2011. Promotion of plasma membrane repair by vitamin E. Nat Commun. 2:597.
14. Labunskyy VM, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. 2014. Selenoproteins: Molecular Pathways and Physiological Roles. Physiol Rev. 94(3):739–777.
15. Traber MG, Stevensa JG. Vitamins C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biol Med. 5(5):1000-1013.
16. Carlson BA, Yoo MH, Shrimali RK, Irons R, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL, Park JM. 2010. Role of selenium-containing proteins in T cell and macrophage function. Proc Nutr Soc. 69(3):300-310.
17. Traber MG, Stevensa JG. Vitamins C and E: Beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective. Free Radic Biol Med. 5(5):1000-1013.
18. Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. 2012. The Role of Selenium in Inflammation and Immunity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 16(7):705-743.
19. See note 16 above.
20. Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. 2013. The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res. 52(11):1273-1280.
21. West J, Phillips RB. 2013. Chiropractic management of a patient with persistent headache. J Chiropr Med. 12(4):281-287.